SMART GLASS TECHNOLOGY

           SMART GLASS TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

We know that, Smart glasses are computing devices worn in front of the eyes. Evidently their displays move with the users head, which leads to the users seeing the display independently of his or her position and orientation. Therefore smart glasses or lenses are the only devices which can alter or enhance the wearer’s vision no matter where he/she is physically located and where he/she looks. There are three different paradigms of how to alter the visual information a wearer perceives.

1. Virtual reality: The goal is to create a fully virtual world for the user to see, interact with and immerse into. The user sees this virtual world only, any other light sources are not affecting the eye. One significant difference to a simple screen is that the actions of the user affect the virtual world. In example movement affects what virtual content the user sees. A famous fictional example of a device creating a virtual world is the Hollyhock from Star Trek. 

2. Augmented reality: The world is enhanced or augmented by virtual objects.The user can see the real world but also perceives virtual content created by a computing device and displayed by an additional light source which doesn’t prohibit the perception of the real world. Interaction with those virtual objects is a way of communicating with the computing devices.

3. Diminished reality: Objects are subtracted from scenes by filtering the light reflected or emitted by those objects towards the eye. This is most often used in combination with augmented reality to replace the diminished objects by some virtual objects.

                                           Fig.Reality is augmented with a virtual object.

Devices with one display

1.Google Glass

One example of smart glasses with one display is Google Glass which runs the Android operating system. Its specifications are the following:

1. Weight: 50g.

2. Processing: 1.2 GHz Dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 CPU, PowerVR SGX540 GPU, 16GB storage, 682MB RAM. That’s roughly equivalent to the hardware of an IPhone 4.

3. Camera: 5MP still (2528x1856 pixels) or 720p video. There is no flash.

4. Display: It is a color prism projector with a resolution of 640x360 pixels.

5. Sensors: microphone, accelerometer, gyroscope and compass.

6. Interaction: There is a long an narrow touch pad which supports swipe and tap gestures. The camera can be triggered by a button.

7. Audio: There is a bone conduction transducer for audio. Sound reaches the inner ear in form of vibrations on the scull. Note that this technology is audible by the hearing impaired as well as persons with normal hearing.

8. Communication: It has no cellular modem which means it can not make phone calls on its own. It does have Bluetooth and WLAN 802.11b/g Google Glass is supposed to be used in combination with a smartphone and one of its main uses is to display notifications in a convenient and quick way It is supposed to be priced similarly to a high end smartphone but there are no official announcements concerning the exact price or release date.

                                            Fig.Google Glass developer version.

2. Reckon MOD

There are also many devices designed for use during sports. Similar to Bruckner Travis they need to function in a rough environment but also should not be heavy. One example of dedicated sports smart glasses are the Reckon MOD. The Reckon MOD are snow sports smart glasses. They can operate at temperatures from 20  to 30 degree c, weigh approximately 65g and are water resistant. Interaction done through a wrist remote. The main use of Reckon MOD is displaying maps and performance statistics.

                                                    Fig. Reckon mod.

Bruckner TRAVIS 

It is visible in figure that Google Glass does not have a very sturdy design and that it is made for consumers. It is not made for rough environments such as industrial sites or factories. One example of industrial smart glasses is the Bruckner TRAVIS shown in figure. This device is a lot heavier than Google Glass because the processing is done in a embedded PC worn in a vest. It is controlled with six hardware buttons and its main applications are streaming video and displaying manuals to employees.

                                                     Fig: Br¨uckner TRAVIS.

Devices with two displays:-

Smart glasses with two displays can affect everything the wearer sees and could display 3 dimensional content. This makes it possible to create a virtual, augmented or diminished reality. Both systems with two displays presented in this section need to be connected to a PC with a cable by which the virtual objects are created. In the future similar devices could be wireless and worn outside.

1.Cast AR

An exciting new technology which is used to create a augmented indoor reality is Cast AR. It has a projector above each eye which projects onto a retro reflector with 120hz each creating a 3D image. A retro reflector is a surface that reflects light back to its source with a minimum of scattering.

Nevertheless some of the light of each projector will reach the eye it is not destined for. To deal with this, Cast AR has active shutter lenses. The projectors are active in disjoint small time intervals. While the projector above one eye is not active the active shutter lens of that eye will stop any light from reaching that eye. This happens at such a high speed that the human eye can not notice. The result is a stereoscopic 3D image. Cast AR tracks head movement and orientation using an infrared camera and infrared LEDs inside the retro reflector. The exact position is calculated by triangulation in hardware on the glasses. This makes it possible to adjust the orientation of the virtual objects with only a few millisecond delay to head movement. Many people can share one retro reflector each seeing a different scene or the same scene from different angles. Another advantage of Cast AR compared to other smart glasses is that the angles.

                                                        Fig. Cast AR.

focuses on items in a distance rather than a screen in front of the eyes. This makes it possible to use Cast AR for long time periods without eye strain.

2. Oculus Rift

The oculus rift is a virtual reality solution which uses two display placed in front lenses close to the eyes of the wearer. There is one display in front of each eye, together they have a 1920x1080 pixel resolution on the newer protoOculus Rift Crystal cove prototype types. For Oculus Rift it is very simple to create 3D scenes because each display which may be adjusted. Oculus Rift tracks head movement using infrared LEDs like Cast AR but it also relies on a gyroscope and accelerometer. The advantage of tracking with a gyroscope and accelerometer is a very low latency, the disadvantage compared to the infrared solution is that over time errors accumulate and there might be orientation drift. By combining both methods Oculus Rift implements precise low latency head tracking. As already mentioned Oculus Rift is used to create a virtual reality. No light from the environment reaches the eye. The advantage is that there is no need for any display surface in the room and the whole field of vision can be occupied by virtual scene.

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      Fig.Oculus Rift crystal cover prototype.

APPLICATION:-

It is used in different fields such as:

1. Education.

2. Medical.

3. Entertainment.

4. Universal remote control.

5. Documentation.

6. productivity.

7. sport.

8. commerce.

Note:- Source Internet.

Seven Futuristic Cars Designs That Will Blow Your Mind

Seven Futuristic Cars Designs That Will Blow Your Mind

Fifty years ago, any modern-day car would have appeared futuristic to those around at the time. Thanks to quickly evolving automobile technology, though, it's become increasingly rare that any vehicle design surprises people. Every so often, however, a concept vehicle comes along that's so futuristic in nature that it demands everyone's attention. In the past decade, everyone from Audi to Mercedes-Benz has taken a stab at creating one of these vehicles.

1. Audi Shark.

         In 2008, Milan's Domus Academy and Audi co-sponsored a concept vehicle competition, and it was Kazin Doku's entry, the Audi Shark, which flew away with top honors. The vehicle's shape really does resemble a shark gliding effortlessly through the water, and since it's more of a hovercraft than an actual car, it really would move effortlessly. The vehicle seats two, and although it has several motorcycle-like features, including a driving position similar to that used on two-wheeler, the Shark has the outer shell and protection that has consistently made cars safer to drive than motorcycles. Add this to the comfortable seats and great looking LED lights, and the Shark is undoubtedly the car of the future.

 2. Audi Airomorph.

               The Audi Airomorph could very well be the most futuristic-looking vehicle on this entire list. It was designed by Eric Kim, a new graduate from the Art Center College of Design.

By stretching an expansion-resistant material made of silver over the vehicle's frame, Kim created a design that could be adjusted to fine tune the Airomporph's aerodynamics while lapping a course. This is undoubtedly why it's considered the race car of the future.

3. Mercedes-Benz BIOME.

             Those who think hybrid or electric cars are environmentally friendly will have their entire world shaken when they eventually see the Mercedes-Benz BIOME. It will weigh less than 900 lbs, and this is thanks to the lightweight plant material that would be used to create it. That's right: plant material. Instead of being produced, the BIOME is grown in a lab.

4. SCARAB by David Gonçalves.

The SCARAB is yet another motorcycle-like vehicle that comes with the added protection of an enclosed cab. It also has a luggage storage area, and this combined with the ability to park vertically make it especially handy when traveling. Its three wheels, 4WD design and ability to change both shape and elevation make it exceptionally easy to maneuver.

Many view the SCARAB as an alternative and healthy method of urban transport, and it seems to easily live up to that expectation.

5.Mercedes-Benz F 015.

Most people have seen, or at least heard of Google's driver-less cars. Not to be outdone, however, Mercedes-Benz is jumping into the market with the F 015. It offers the same driver-less technology, but the vehicle's passengers get to enjoy luxury during the ride.

The interior is like a lounge, and there are four chairs accessible once the stylish French doors are open. There are display screens in the interior that allow passengers to interact with the vehicle, and the F 015 can even be remotely controlled through a undeniable luxury sedan of the future.

6. MOY concept car.

Everyone has seen vehicles layered in vehicle wrap driving around town advertising a new company. Doing this often requires a custom paint job or vehicle wrap, and periodically changing the design is usually cost-prohibitive. The MOY Concept Car, however, has changed this forever. By integrating LCDs and LEDs, along with electro chromic foil and liquid crystals, the vehicle can display custom graphics, and even videos, for thousands of potential customers to see.

7.Peugeot Metromorph.

Just imagine futuristic cities with vehicles leaving the roadways and traveling up the sides of buildings. If you can visualize this in your future, you may have a small idea of what the Peugeot Metromorph is like. This futuristic vehicle is designed for the city of the future; a city that has vertical roads integrated into its most important buildings.

The Metromorph could travel up these buildings and even park outside on their exteriors. From here, they can double as balconies, saving untold amounts of space when it comes to parking. Designer Roman Mistiuk might have unwittingly decided how future cities will be constructed and designed.

Note:- Source Internate.

Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) - an innovative passenger transport system.

Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) - an innovative passenger transport system.

Abstract

In the present world, we know that fuel and environment have become areas of major concern, especially in the field of transportation, a kind of transport system is required which helps in sustainable development without compromising the present traffic needs. The new transportation system should ideally be pollution free, traffic free, accident free, fuel efficient and economical. PRT (Personal Rapid Transit) is the most recent development in public transportation and is best possible option which compiles to the above needs. PRT is a new innovative and on demand system for developed urban area. The system uses small, driver-less, electric vehicles which run on guide ways. Its lightweight and flexible nature enables it to be retrofitted into a broad range of environments. It is designed to be reliable and safety built in to ensure comfort and security of its passengers. 

Introduction

Personal rapid transit (PRT) is a new and innovative on-demand system developed for urban area. It is designed to meet the need for congestion free, multi-origin, multi-destination public transport system. PRT is the most energy efficient mass urban transport system that has been devised so far. It consists of small light weight 2-6 passengers vehicle built on an elevated guide way under computer control. The vehicles are electric but have no batteries as they take power from electric contacts in the track. PRT vehicles are sized for individual or small group travel. Guide ways are arranged in a network topology, with all stations located on sidings, and with frequent merge/diverge points. This allows for nonstop, point-to-point travel, bypassing all intermediate stations. The point-to-point service has been compared to a taxi or a horizontal lift.

History

PRT was originally an engineering research project to devise the optimum urban transport solution; Ultra began development in 1995 in association with the University of Bristol. Ultra was the company who first undertook the PRT initiative. The company was founded by Martin Lowson a rocket scientist. He was accompanied by 50 staff of Apollo space program Saturn rocket, chief scientist of West-land helicopters. Royal Academy of Engineering, Royal Aeronautical Society, and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics were also the fellow members. They started this project in the year 1995 and finally won a contract to build a pod system at London’s Heathrow airport in the year 2005.

Construction & Working :-

1. Track.

     The pods run on light, flexible and aesthetic track. Track are constructed at a height from the ground, so as to ensure safety, stability and congestion free operation of PRT as well as the road traffic. The piers of the track are not built very heavily as the track has to carry light pods with only few passengers inside them. The pavement surface is made in an intelligent way. Portion where wheels of pod car are to run are provided with a smooth surface. And rest of the area is made of either steel mesh with round wholes or parallel running horizontal steel bars. The width of pavement is decided according to the width of pod car. A channel of power cable has to be laid in the pavement which will provide energy (electric current) to the pod cars. As the pavements are light weight and flexible, they can be easily routed as per the requirement. Also at turning points, a slight angle will do the work. 

2. Pod.

   These are light weight cabs made to carry 3-6 people at a time. It is sufficiently large to carry its passenger capacity along with space for extra materials like wheelchair, bicycle, shopping carts, push carts etc.These do not have a heavy engine to drive or any other heavy mechanical parts. These are run by electric driven motors installed in each individual pod. The motors receive power from the cables laid in the track.The pods provide a comfortable sitting to passengers. It also ensures their safety and comfort. Pods can be made air-conditioned according to the climatic conditions. The wheels are made of solid rubber to ensure least maintenance .They are small in size and run on particular exact path.

3. Monitoring System.

    The monitoring system that operates PRT is one of best available monitoring system in today’s world. This centralized system is responsible for smooth, fast, proper, safe and efficient functioning of PRT. The system is uncomplicated and intuitive; a touch screen panel enables them to choose their destination while an automated voice-over talks them though the process. Once on board they can relax as the vehicle takes them straight to their destination. The use of off-the-shelf technology, mostly from the automotive industry, provides a mature, well proven and reliable system. The system monitors movement of pod cars. It keeps on analyzing the locations of every pod and also the demand of pods at every different station. When there is an increased demand at a particular station, the system diverts pods from low demanding areas. The stations are made off the track to ensure continuous movement of pods. An important part of work of the system is to check running status of every pod and prevent their collisions at junctions of cross-ways and of stations.

Station accessibility

Stations may be located above, at, or below ground, or, due to the system’s virtually silent nature, inside buildings. Stations can be enclosed or open-air, will always provide at least a minimal covering above the berth area and are designed to be suitable for 24-hour operations.

Comfort & convenience:-
pods provide comfortable seating for 4 adults, with ample space for shopping, pushchairs and luggage. The vehicles can be fitted with heating or air conditioning to suit various climates. Typically around 90% of Ultra pod passengers are served within one minute thanks to the system’s on-demand service that minimize passenger waiting time. The system travels at speeds of up to 25 mph and a typical 1.6 km journey usually takes around four minutes. Once the customer’s journey has begun, they can sit back and relax as their pod takes them non-stop to their chosen destination via the quickest route.

Personal safety & security:-

The Ultra pod system provides added personal security for customers via the following means,

1. The vehicle is continuously monitored by the control system during use; passengers may contact the system controller, who can see them via on-board CCTV and respond to any concerns.

2. All passengers felt very secure with the driver-less Ultra system. Vehicles, stations, and track make use of CCTV, information screens, and emergency call buttons to ensure the users feel safe, secure and at-ease. Passengers can be in audio and visual contact with the control center, for enhanced passenger security.

Advantages:- 

The innovative design of the PRT system provides many operational, economic, and environmental benefits, including:

1. It has Low capital and operational costs.

2. It has Flexible routing.

3. It is for 24-hour.

4. pollution free.

5. Greater privacy.

6. Zero on-site emissions.

7. Extremely low overall energy use.

8. Minimal visual and acoustic impacts.

THE INVISIBLE BICYCLE HELMET

             THE INVISIBLE BICYCLE HELMET

Introduction

If you can’t stand wearing a helmet when riding your bike, the engineers behind Hövding helmets in Sweden claim to have found the solution. After years of research and countless amounts of simulation crash testing, the researchers have discovered that the most aesthetically pleasing way to protect your head might be to not have anything on your head at all but rather, your neck. so maybe it doesn’t use refracted light patterns and a complex series of mirrors to make all your bike helmets vanish. Basically, it’s a fashionable neck brace that blends in with your winter jacket. Just imagine wearing a really bulky scarf, which you could probably describe as invisible as long as you live in cooler climates.

The helmet’s protective functions kick in only when a moment of blunt force occurs. So let’s say you’re on your bike and happen to get sideswiped by a passing car. As you begin to lose stability and teeter over, the helmet will recognize your sudden movement and eject an airbag that instantaneously surrounds your head and sides of your face before you make contact with the ground.So instead of feeling self-conscious about how you look riding your bike with a giant helmet on your head, the new Hövding helmet will only make you self-conscious during and after a moment of sudden impact.

History

Bike helmets are a very important safety feature, especially for those who cycle around a busy city where both drivers and pedestrians can be a problem. But there is no denying that it can be difficult to find a stylish bike helmet and then there is the issue of the helmet hair. The idea for the invisible helmet came to life in 2005 as part of a Masters’ thesis, when Anna Haupt and Terese Alstin were studying industrial design at the University of Lund. The Hövding (invisible helmet) is actually an air bag, which uses a helium gas cylinder to inflate when its sensors detect a sudden jolt.The helmets are also CE labelled, which means they comply with EU safety standards and have undergone a variety of safety tests.

Basic information.

What is invisible helmet ?     

The helmet which is invisible to people while driving and activate at the time of accident is called as invisible helmet.

                     
                                                

  How does it work ? 

It's a bike helmet from Hovding and as you said it is made for people who needs both protection and style. It is a mini air bag enclosed in a water proof collar with a shell and functions similar to a vehicle’s air bag. You should place it around your neck and close the zip completely. Hovding gets activated when you attach the zip tag to right hand side of collar. This helmet monitors cyclist;s movements and ejects the protective shield as soon as it sense a collision. An in-built battery should be charged for every 18 hours either via laptop or your mobile. However, it fails to protect your head in unusual cases where something falls directly on your head from top. You can get one for 399 Euros in three different colours and the shell around the collar can be changed to match your outfits. The Hovding is worn around the neck, like a scarf. On the outside, it looks a little like the collar of a wind jacket, but inside it hides a nylon airbag that is released in the accident and immediately fills with helium. The device encases the head like an air bag leaving a small gap to see through.

Advantages:-

1. It protect our brain at the time of accident.

2. Light weight.

3. Easy to carry.

Disadvantages:-

1. It's cost is to high.

2. It is not water proof.

Sixth Sense Technology

                      Sixth Sense Technology

Abstract

The Sixth sense wearable gestural interface that augments the physical world around us with digital information and let's us use natural hand gesture to interact with that information. The neckworn projector and camera combination was first proposed by MIT media lab student steve mann. The concept was further developed by Pranav Mistry, while he was also a student at MIT media lab. sixth sense bridges the gap by bringing intangible,digital information out into the tangible world, and allowing us to interact with that information via natural hand. sixth sense comprises pocket projector, a mirror and the camera.The hardware components are coupled with in a pendant like mobile wearable device.

INTRODUCTION

This technology is a revolutionary way to interface the physical world with digital information. Modern technologies include the touch screen techniques which is used widely and it makes ease of operation and saves utilization time. Sixth sense is a wearable gestural interface that augments the physical world around us with digital information and lets us use natural hand gestures to interact with that information. But the bottle necks of this method such as position of camera, for capturing gestures interprets the accuracy in the projected output, lead to use of commands instead of hand gestures. The position of camera is a major constraint in the image capturing and projected output efficiency and accuracy. Therefore the actions which we regularly perform in our daily life, are converted to commands and are trained to a speech IC. They are stored as a database in the integrated circuit and corresponding actions are performed when the speech is recognized from the user.

                            It’s a hi-tech device seamlessly integrate Analog information with our everyday physical world. The voice is directly performed into operation within fractions of seconds, and the action is projected on the surface. It’s a portable device and eases the operation which we regularly perform. Basically the sixth sense technology concept involves the use of hand gestures. The fingertip will contain colored markers and hence gestures performed will be captured by the camera. Then it’s given to the mobile device for the corresponding action to be performed. The action is projected on the surface through the projector. Software algorithms and computer vision technologies will be used to enable the action from the mobile device for the corresponding gesture captured in the camera. This gesture based technology is used for variety of applications like performing basic actions, locating points in the map, watching video in newspaper, dialing number in hand etc. The slight modification of this method lead to the use of commands that is analog information into real world. The analog data is converted into digital and performed as action, as all times the hand gestures cannot be used.

                  

This was how the wearable device is fit to the human body. Here color markers are used in the finger tips. In our technology we use commands for performing the same operations. Many high technology speech integrated circuits evolved which makes our operation enhanced with more advanced features.

To ensure accurate gesture recognition and an intuitive interface a number of constraints are applied. A region in the front of the projection screen is defined as the active zone and the gestures are ignored, if the gestures are performed out of this area. Gestures are also defined by a set start posture, end posture and dynamic motion between the start and end postures. Perhaps the use of gestures is most powerful when combined with other input modalities, especially voice. Allowing combined voice and gestural input has several tangible advantages. The first is purely practical-ease of expression. Ease corresponds to the efficiency with which commands can be remembered and expressiveness, size of command vocabulary. 

DESIGN AND WORKING

The Sixth sense innovation embraces a pocket projector, a mirror and a Polaroid held in a head-mounted, handheld or pendant-like, wearable gadget. Both the projector and the Polaroid are linked with a versatile figuring gadget in the client's pocket. The projector endeavors visual data allowing surfaces, dividers and physical questions around us to be utilized as interface while the Polaroid distinguishes and tracks clients' hand signals and physical items utilizing workstation vision based actions. The product system form the feature stream information caught by the Polaroid and tracks the areas of the shaded markers at the tips of the client's fingers. The developments and plans are translated into signals that demonstration as teamwork directions for the expected provision interfaces. The components used in Sixth Sense Technology are;

1. Camera.

2. Mobile Component.

3. Projector.

4. Mirror.

5.Colored Marker.

                    fig. Block Diagram of sixth sense technology.

1. Camera.

It captures the image of the object which is viewed and trails the user’s hand gesture. The camera identifies the visuals which are captured by the user’s hand gesture. Smart phones receive the data from the camera for processing. Here camera is the digital eye which connects to the outside world in the digital format.

2. Mobile Component.

The sixth sense device incorporates a web empowered cell phone which forms the information which is sent by the Polaroid. The cell phone seeks the web and comprehends the hand motions with the assistance of the hued markers put at the fingertips. Fundamental preparing deals with figure calculations.

3. Projector.

The data that is deciphered through the cell phone can be anticipated into any surface. The projector ventures the visual data empowering surfaces and physical items to be utilized as interfaces. The projector itself comprises of batteries which have 3 hours of battery life. A Tiny LED projector shows the information sent from the cell phone on any surface in perspective question, divider or individual. The descending confronting projector ventures the image on to a mirror.

4. Mirror.

                

The usage of mirror is imperative as the projector dangles indicating descending from the neck. The mirror reflects the picture on to a yearning surface. Along these lines at last the computerized picture is liberated from its limits and set in the physical world.

5.Colored Marker.

There are color markers placed at the tip of user’s finger. Marking the user’s fingers with red, yellow green and blue colored tape helps the webcam to recognize the hand gestures. The movements and arrangement of these markers are interpreted into gestures that act as a interaction instruction for the projected application interfaces.

APPLICATIONS

The Sixth Sense prototype implements several applications that demonstrate the usefulness, viability and flexibility of the system.

The Sixth Sense device has a huge number of applications. The following are few of the applications of Sixth Sense Technology.

1. Make a call.

2. Call up a map.

3. Check the time.

4. Create multimedia reading experience.

5. Drawing application.

6. Zooming features.

7. Get product information.

8. Get book information.

9. Get flight updates.

10. Feed information on people.

11. Take pictures.

12. Check the email

                             

                         

Fig: Some Examples of Sixth Sense Technology.

Advantage

1. Sixth Sense is a user friendly interface which integrates digital information into the physical world and its objects, making the entire world your computer.

2. Sixth Sense does not change human habits but causes computer and other machines to adapt to human needs.

3. It uses hand gestures to interact with digital information.

4. Supports multi-touch and multi-user interaction.

5. Data access directly from machine in real time.

6.It is an open source and cost effective and we can mind map the idea anywhere.

7. It is gesture-controlled wearable computing device that feeds our relevant information and turns any surface into an interactive display.

8. It is portable and easy to carry as we can wear it in our neck.

9.The device could be used by anyone without even a basic knowledge of a keyboard or mouse.

10.There is no need to carry a camera anymore. If we are going for a holiday, then from now on wards it will be easy to capture photos by using mere fingers.

Future Scope 

1. To get rid of color markers. 

2. To incorporate camera and projector inside mobile computing device.

3.Whenever we place pendant- style wearable device on table, it should allow us to use the table as multi touch user interface.

4.Applying this technology in various interest like gaming, education systems etc.

5.To have 3D gesture tracking.

6.To make sixth sense work as fifth sense for disabled.

CONCLUSION

1.Sixth Sense recognizes the objects around us, displaying information automatically and letting us to access it in any way we need.

2.The sixth sense prototype implements several applications that demonstrate the usefulness, viability and flexibility of system.

3.The potential of becoming the ultimate "transparent" user interface for accessing information about everything around us.

4.Allowing us to interact with this information vi natural hand gesture 

THE FUTURE TRANSPORTATION CONCEPT: STRADDLING BUS (CHINA)

THE FUTURE TRANSPORTATION CONCEPT: STRADDLING BUS (CHINA)

Abstract

The main purpose is to aware people the technology used in straddling bus movements are which used in most of the developed countries. This train is equipped with a controller that enables the automatic stopping of the train from station to station. This paper presents the development process of a prototype for a driver-less straddling bus implemented using a ARM micro-controller. Simulation for the system's circuits is done with the aid of Proteus software. At present, there are mainly 4 types of public transits in China:subway, light-rail train, BRT , and normal bus. They have advantages and disadvantages, for example, subway costs a lot and takes long time to build; BRT takes up road spaces and produces noises as well as pollution to the air.In the current transportation system , the main problem faced by the people is ‘traffic’ and the overloading of public transport.Also the lots of accident occur due to human errors.High building cost and large settling time is required in current transportation systems. So we have decided to design a system which will play the main role to overcome all these problems.Our proposed system has an elevated platform to avoid problem of traffic jam. It has high public carrying capacity than regular buses , monorail. It does not required special tracks like BRT , mono , metro. Also doesn’t require large construction and can be implemented within short time.

INTRODUCTION

As we know city population increases day by day, an innovative means of public transportation with high efficiency and large capacity.my blogger information will inspire you by a Chinese innovation named as Straddling Bus. The main feature is the structure of this new conveyor. The lower part is like a tunnel through which cars can freely pass, while people stand at the upper deck. Besides the novel structure, my blogger also features in its autonomous navigation system. Also, as far as the public transportation is concerned, safety precaution measures are necessary.

Construction

Interior looks like: it has huge skylight that will eliminate passengers’ sense of depression when enter. The straddling bus combines the advantages of BRT, it is also a substitution for BRT and subway in the future. As you all know, the majority vehicles on the road are cars, the shortest vehicles are also cars. Normally our (4) overpass is 4.5-5.5 m high.

The highlight innovation of straddling bus is that it runs above cars and under overpass. Its biggest strength is saving road spaces, efficient and high in (5) capacity. There are also two ways in dealing with station platform. One is to load/unload through the (6) sides; the other is using the built-in ladder so that passengers can go up and to the overpass through the (7) ceiling door.There are two parts in building the straddling bus.One is remodeling the (8) road, the other is building station (9) platforms. Two ways to remodel the road: we can go with laying rails on both sides of car lane, which save 30% energy; or we can paint two white lines on both sides and use auto-pilot technology in the bus, which will follow the lines and run stable.Another strength of straddling bus is its short construction life cycle: only (10) 1 year to build 40 km. Whereas building 40-km subway will take (11) 3 years at best. Also the straddling bus will not need the large parking lot that normal buses demand. It can park at its own stop without affecting the passage of cars.

Straddling bus is completely powered by municipal electricity and (12) solar energy system. In terms of electricity, the setting is called relay direct current electrification. The bus itself is electrical conductor, two rails built on top to allow the charging post to run along with the bus, the next charging post will be on the rails before the earlier one leaves, that is why we call it relay charging. The set here is super (13) capacitor, a device that can charge, discharge and store electricity quickly. The power it stores during the stop can support the bus till the next stop where another round of charging takes place, achieving (14) zero toxic gas throughout the process.

Nowadays many big cities have remodeled their traffic signaling system, to prioritize public buses, that is to say when a bus reaches a crossing, (15) red light on the other side of the fork will turn on automatically to give buses the right of way.Our straddling bus can learn from this BRT method. The bus is 6 m in width and 4-4.5 m high. How will people get off the bus if an (16) accident happens to such a huge bus? Here I introduce the most advanced (17) escaping system in the world. In the case of fire or other emergencies, the escaping door will open automatically. I believe many of you have been on a (18) plane. Planes are equipped with inflated ladder so people can slide down on it in emergency. I put the escaping concept into the straddling bus.The bus can save up to 860 ton of fuel per year, reducing (19) 2,640 ton of carbon emission. Presently we have passed the first stage demonstration and will get through all of the technical invalidation by the end of August. Beijing’s Mentougou District is carrying out an eco-community project, it has already planned out (20) 186 km for our straddling bus. Construction will begin at the end.

working

This proposed system is an autonomous straddling bus and it eliminates the need of any driver in short it driver-less. Thus, any human error is ruled out. In this project micro-controller from ARM family has been used as CPU. Whenever the train arrives at the station it stops automatically, as sensed by an IR sensor. Then the conveyor starts automatically so that the passengers can go inside and outside the bus. The movement of the bus is controlled by a motor driver IC interfaced to the micro-controller. The train incorporates a buzzer to alert the passengers before staring. As the bus reaches the destination the process repeats thus achieving the desired operation.In this RFID based automatic fare collecting system using RF ID card Ticketing explained that a system that uses the station based location information. Card is sensed twice while entering the bus and while leaving the bus. The deduction of travelling fare is based on the number of stations covered between two punching. Using the station count we can find the distance traveled and amount. The amount can be deducted from the card. A micro-controller can be used to program this system by interfacing RFID card. By implementing this system the usage of loose cash can be reduced and efficient ticketing can be implemented.

Advantages

1) Eco-friendly.
2) Cost effective.
3) public transportation.
4) 6 km track are already plane.
5) lot's of time can save.
6) It use solar energy.

HYPERLOOP TECHNOLOGY: The Passenger Transport System.

HYPERLOOP TECHNOLOGY

THE PASSENGER TRANSPORT SYSTEM.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

INTRODUCTION

 There are three type of transportation such as ship,rail & road. The Hyperloop is a high-speed transportation system proposed by Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation in 2013. This system consists of transportation pods encapsulated within vacuum tubes, and will be used to transport freight and passengers across hundreds, and eventually thousands, of miles. The principal technology of the Hyperloop involves electromagnetic propulsion that moves capsules through tubes, reaching speeds of 700 miles per hour.  Hyperloop is a new mode of transport and particular it is inexpensive for people and goods.The capsules are accelerated via a magnetic linear accelerator affixed at various stations on the low pressure tube with rotors contained in each capsule.Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends of the tube, or branches along the tube length.

CONCEPT

Two versions of the Hyperloop capsules are being consider:

a passenger only version and a passenger plus vehicle version. Hyperloop Passenger Capsule Assuming an average departure time of 2 minutes between capsules, a minimum of 28 passengers per capsule are required to meet 840 passengers per hour. It is possible to further increase the Hyperloop capacity by reducing the time between departures. The current baseline requires up to 40 capsules in activity during rush hour,6 of which are at the terminals for loading and unloading of the passengers in approximately 5 minutes.

                       fig:-concept of  Hyperloop one

The passenger plus vehicle version of the Hyperloop will depart as often as the passenger only version, but will accommodate 3 vehicles in addition to the passengers. All subsystems discussed in the following sections are featured on both capsules.

 Fig:-Hyperloop system.

For travel at high speeds, the greatest power requirement is normally to overcome air resistance. Aerodynamic drag increases with the square of speed, and thus the power requirement increases with the cube of speed. Hyperloop encloses the capsules in a reduce pressure tube. This is an operating pressure of 100  Pascals, which reduces the drag force of the air by 1,000 times relative to sea level conditions and would be equivalent to flying above 150,000 feet altitude. A hard vacuum is avoided as vacuums are expensive and difficult to maintain with low pressure solutions. Despite the low pressure, aerodynamic challenges must still be addressed. These include managing the formation of shock waves when the speed of the capsule approaches the speed of sound,and the air resistance increases sharply. Close to the cities where more turns must be navigated, capsule travel at lower speed. This reduces the accelerations felt by the passengers, and also reduces power requirements for the capsule. The capsules travel at760 mph (1,220 kph, Mach 0.91 at 68 ºF or 20 ºC).The proposed capsule geometry houses several distinct systems to reside within the outer mold line.

1.CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

1.1 Compressor.

      

Fig:- Compressor.

One important feature of the capsule is the on board compressor, which serves two purposes. This system allows the capsule to traverse the relatively narrow tube without choking flow that travels between the capsule and the tube walls by compressing air that is bypassed through the capsule. It also supplies air to air bearings that support the weight of the capsule throughout the journey.

1.2 Tube

                                                     

                       Fig:-Hyperloop tube.                                                    

The tube is made of steel. There are two tubes which are welded together side by side configuration to allow the capsules travel in both directions. The tube will be supported by pillars. There is a solar arrays are provided on a top of the tubes for the purpose of power to the supply.

1.3.Interior of  hyperloop one

                          Fig:- Interior of hyperloop.

The interior of the capsule is specifically designed with passenger safety and comfort in mind. The seats conform well to the body to maintain comfort during the high speed accelerations experienced during travel. Beautiful landscape will be displayed in the cabin and each passenger will have access their own personal entertainment.

1.4 Suspension       

                                            

                     Fig:-Hyperloop Suspension.

Suspending the capsule within the tube presents a substantial technical challenge due to transoceanic cruising velocities. Conventional wheel and axle systems become impractical at high speed due frictional losses and dynamic instability. A viable technical solution is magnetic levitation; however the cost associated with material and construction is prohibitive. An alternative to these conventional options is an air bearing suspension.

Air bearings offer stability and extremely low drag at a feasible cost by exploiting the ambient atmosphere in the tube.When the gap height between a ski and the tube wall is reduced, the flow field in the gap exhibits a highly non-linear reaction resulting in large restoring pressures. The increased pressure pushes the ski away from the wall, allowing it to return to its nominal ride height. While a stiff air bearing suspension is superb for reliability and safety, it could create considerable discomfort for passengers on board.

MERITS AND DEMERITS OF HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Merits

1. It saves the travelling time.

2. There is no problem of traffic.

3. It is powered by the solar panel.

4. It can travel in any kind of weather.

5. Cost of hyperloop is low.

6. Not disruptive to those along the route.

7. More convenient.

8. Resistance to earthquake.

Demerits

1. Turning will be critical.

2. Less movable space for passenger.

3. High speed might cause dizziness in some passenger.

4. Punctured tunnel could cause shock waves.

CONCLUSION

1. A high speed transportation system known as Hyperloop.

2. Hyperloop transportation system can be used over the conventional modes of transportation that are rail, road, water and air.

3. At very high speed it provides better comfort and cost is also low.

4. By reducing the pressure of the air in the tube which reduces simple air drag and enables the capsule to move faster than through a tube at atmospheric pressure.

FUTURE WORK

1. Improve the passenger capacity.

2. Detailed station designs with loading and unloading of passenger3. Safety features improvement.